Vinyl ester copolymer dispersions, their preparation and use

ABSTRACT

A description is given of an aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion stabilized with a combination of at least one protective colloid and of at least one emulsifier, said dispersion having a viscosity of less than 8000 mPa*s, a weight average d w  of the particle sizes of 0.5 to 10 μm, and a ratio of weight average to number average of the particle sizes, d w /d n , of at least 2.5, and the polymer possessing a glass transition temperature of between −30 and +15° C. The dispersion can be used as an adhesive for nozzle application processes.

The present invention relates to new copolymer dispersions based onvinyl esters, possessing excellent suitability for the formulation ofadhesives, to their preparation, and to the use of these dispersions inadhesives for nozzle application.

Dispersion-based adhesives for bonding paper in the production-linefabrication of folding boxes, envelopes, brochures or cigarettes areoften applied to the substrate by means of a rotating segmented wheel,by means of a roller or by means of a nozzle application system.

With these modes of application, particularly in the case of therotating segmented wheel and the roller, adhesive contamination causedby “splashing” or imprecise application of adhesive leads to problems inthe fabrication process. If adhesive gets onto the conveyor belt, it canlead to instances of sticking of the fabricated material, leading inturn to machine downtime in conjunction with laborious cleaning work.

The use of nozzles is particularly advantageous, since first it iseasily possible to adapt the geometry of the product to be bonded, andsecond it is possible to save on adhesive.

When an adhesive is applied by means of a nozzle application system,contamination comes about by virtue of the fact that, over the course oftime, stalactites of dried adhesive form at the exit site of the nozzleand divert the jet of adhesive exiting the nozzle. The consequence is ahigh degree of variation in the precision of application. Variation inthe precision of glue application leads consequently to contamination ofthe plant, or even to shutdown.

When an adhesive is applied by means of a nozzle application system, theadhesive is conveyed by means of a pump through a closed line system.Located at the end of the line system is a nozzle with a valve whichopens and closes rapidly. Since the paper parts to be bonded aretransported on a conveyor belt having a very high running speed,presently about 100 to 800 m/min, the valve is required to possess ashort cycle time. If, for example, with a belt speed of 100 m/min, youwanted to apply dots at one dot/cm, then 166 dots are applied everysecond. The opening time of the valve in this case is therefore in theregion <6 msec. At a belt speed of 250 m/s, 415 dots are applied everysecond, corresponding to an opening time of <2.5 ms.

Nozzle application systems having switching frequencies of up to1000/second are nowadays state of the art. As a result of the high cyclefrequency of the nozzle valves

-   -   the adhesive inside the nozzle is exposed to extremely high        shearing forces, and    -   per unit time, within one hour, for example, over 1 000 000        individual drops are applied through one nozzle.

Owing to the high level of shearing of material and to the short timegiven for an individual drop to form by opening and closing of thevalve, the formation of drops may be accompanied, at the exit of thenozzle, by formation of smaller individual drops, referred to as“satellite drops”, whose high number at the exit of the nozzle givesrise over time to a stalactitic buildup of contamination (known as “dirtformation”).

The question of how “clean” a drop is formed in the course of thisextrusion process ought to be dependent on the physicochemicalproperties of the dispersion, such as, for example, its rheology,surface tension, shearing stability, yield point, and elasticity.

Described in the prior art are a number of processes for the applicationof adhesives from nozzles.

For instance EP-A-523,589 describes a process for applying adhesive dotsby means of nozzles. This specification describes a selectiveapplication process and also a suitable apparatus for it. As regards theadhesives to be used, only general remarks are found—for example, theuse of acrylate adhesives.

EP-A-621,289 describes the use of selected aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersions as adhesive bonding agents. These are emulsion polymers with1-10% by weight of thermally crosslinkable comonomers. Typicalcopolymers are types based on vinyl acetate, ethylene, andN-methylolacrylamide. Nozzle application is described as one possibleway of applying the adhesive to the substrate.

EP-A-1,113,031 discloses a process for the adhesive bonding of assembledpaper sheets. Gluing can take place by means of nozzle application. Theadhesive used is an aqueous dispersion of an anionic, modifiedpolyurethane elastomer, such as a vinyl acetate-ethylene-polyurethanecopolymer, for example.

DE-A-102 24 128 describes a selected process for the nozzle applicationof coatings to surfaces. Possible adhesives recommended are a very widevariety of types, examples being hotmelt adhesives, solution-basedadhesives and dispersion-based adhesives.

EP-A-322,175 describes the emulsion polymerization of polyvinylalcohol-stabilized vinyl esters together if desired with furthercomonomers, such as ethylene, acrylic acid or vinyl versatates, in thepresence of selected, water-miscible chain transfer agents. The use ofthe products as adhesives is recommended, with one application methodbeing nozzle application.

GB-A-1,438,993 discloses vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers which aregrafted with selected monomers. The products are recommended for use ashotmelt adhesives, solution-based adhesives and dispersion-basedadhesives, with one application method being nozzle application.

EP-A-420,998 describes aqueous hotmelt adhesive suspensions or emulsionswhich derive from vinyl acetate and, if desired, further comonomers,such as ethylene, protective colloids, and emulsifiers, and which havebeen produced using a monomer-soluble initiator. These adhesives aresuitable for spray application through nozzles.

WO-A-03/010,256 describes water-soluble or water-dispersible hotmeltadhesives which are prepared by graft copolymerization of selectedolefinically unsaturated monomers, among them vinyl esters, ontopolyalkylene oxides. One possible method of application recommended isnozzle application.

EP-A-1,287,908 describes aqueous polymer dispersions for sprayapplication. These include, among others, emulsifier-stabilized orprotective-colloid-stabilized polyvinyl acetate dispersions andethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer dispersions. Further details regardingthe adhesive systems are not disclosed.

EP-A-1,510,529 discloses a process for preparing multimodal polymerdispersions. It uses mixtures of selected protective colloids. At around20 000 mPa*s (at 21° C.), the polymer dispersions described havecomparatively high viscosities and are unsuitable for nozzleapplications.

DE-A-199 62 566 describes a process for preparing dispersions on thebasis of polyvinyl alcohol-stabilized vinyl ester-(meth)acrylic acidcopolymers. A portion of the monomers is introduced as an initialcharge, and the polymerization is carried out at temperatures of atleast 60° C. In conjunction with hydraulically setting binders, theresulting dispersions can be used as sole binders for coatingcompositions and adhesive bonding agents, or as binders for textiles andpaper. Redispersible powders can be produced from the dispersions byspraying. Their use as an adhesive for high-speed nozzles is notdisclosed. Information on the particle size distribution of thedispersions is not apparent from the document. On the basis of thepreparation examples, however, it can be assumed that the dispersionshave the typical ratio of weight average to number average of theparticle sizes, d_(w)/d_(n), namely well below 2.5.

WO-A-99/42,504 discloses a process for preparing vinyl ester copolymerdispersions which are stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol and a selectedemulsifier. The process is characterized by the metering of the monomermixture in the temperature range between 67 and 80° C. at selectedmetering rates. The dispersions obtained can be used as coatingcompositions in the construction sector. This document too reveals noinformation concerning the particle size distribution of thedispersions. On the basis of the preparation examples, however, it canbe assumed that these dispersions as well have the typical ratios ofweight average to number average of the particle sizes, d_(w)/d_(n).

Under defined laboratory conditions after two hours, commerciallycustomary dispersions exhibit a buildup of contamination on the nozzleof more than 4 mm up to the point of complete contamination. In practicethis means that, in certain circumstances, it would be necessary to haltthe machine for about five minutes several times a day in order to cleanthe nozzles, with a corresponding interruption to the productionprocess.

Furthermore, the adhesive must be able to be applied to substrates whichare becoming increasingly difficult to bond to, because, for example,packaging for luxury goods, such as chocolates, perfumes or winebottles, are enhanced using gloss varnishes. Varnishes of this kind leadto hydrophobic surfaces, which are difficult to bond using conventionaladhesives for nozzle applications.

Starting out from this prior art, the object of the present inventionwas to provide a dispersion-based adhesive which is adapted for use innozzle application processes and no longer has the disadvantages of theprior art. The dispersion-based adhesive of the invention possessesadvantageous physicochemical properties, with the consequence of asignificantly more advantageous buildup behavior; moreover, thedispersion-based adhesive of the invention possesses setting rates thatare comparable with or indeed better than those of the products employedto date. Furthermore, the dispersion-based adhesive of the invention canbe prepared in such a way that it is able to bond even difficult-to-bondhydrophobic surfaces, in conjunction with high heat stability.

Use of the dispersion-based adhesive of the invention considerablyreduces the plant downtime, by at least 50% for example. Under definedlaboratory conditions there should also be distinctly reducedcontamination: for example, after two hours, a buildup of contaminationof <3 mm.

The present invention provides an aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersion stabilized with at least one protective colloid combined withat least one emulsifier, said dispersion having a viscosity of less than8000 mPa*s, measured at 23° C. using the Brookfield viscometer, spindle5, 20 rpm, a weight average d_(w) of the particle sizes of 0.5 to 10 μm,and a ratio of weight average to number average of the particle sizes,d_(w)/d_(n), of at least 2.5, and the polymer possessing a glasstransition temperature of between −30 and +15° C.

The vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of the invention possesses a verybroad particle size distribution. This may be a broad distributionhaving only one maximum or else a broad distribution having two or moremaxima (multimodal distribution) of the dispersion. It is important thatthe overall distribution is broad. These properties are expressedthrough the ratio d_(w)/d_(n). The weight and number averages of theparticle sizes are measured, for the purposes of this description, withthe Mastersizer Microplus from Malvern, using the “polydisperse, Mie”evaluation.

The viscosity of the vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of the inventionis preferably 100 to 8000 mPa*s, more particularly 200 to 4000 mPa*s,and very preferably 400 to 3000 mPa*s. For the purposes of thisdescription the viscosity measurement is made using the Brookfieldviscometer at 23° C. and using spindle 5 at 23 revolutions per minute(rpm). It will be appreciated that the dispersion can also be dilutedfurther in order to be able to be employed at the nozzle. In that casethere is a reduction in the solids content as well as the viscosity.

The weight average of the particle sizes, d_(w), in the vinyl estercopolymer dispersion of the invention is preferably 0.5 to 6.0 μm, moreparticularly 0.8 to 5.0 μm, and the ratio d_(w)/d_(n) is preferably 2.5to 20.0, more particularly 3.0 to 15.0.

The vinyl ester copolymers of the dispersions of the invention haveglass transition temperatures of typically from −30 to +15° C.,preferably from −20 to +10° C., with particular preference −20 to +5° C.In the case of copolymers with a heterogeneous morphology, a core-shellmorphology for example, it is sufficient for one of the phases to haveglass transition temperatures of −30 to +15° C. For the purposes of thepresent description, glass transition temperatures are determined byDSC, with a heating rate of 10 K/minute.

For application, the vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of the inventionis applied to a substrate through nozzles. For that purpose the nozzleis supplied in conventional manner with the aqueous vinyl estercopolymer dispersion, which typically has a solids content of at least40% by weight, and the dispersion is applied from the nozzle, in theform of a continuous or predeterminately interrupted jet, to thesubstrate. This jet preferably has a thickness of less than 6 mm, withparticular preference from 0.1 to 2 mm.

In accordance with the invention it is possible to use all nozzleapplication systems, more particularly systems having high switchingfrequencies of approximately up to 500 dots/second.

For example, the dispersion-based adhesive can be applied by means ofHHS nozzle application systems from HHS, Krefeld. The valves involvedmay be D-valves or Vario-valves. These systems typically operate withthe following technical data:

D-valves: glue pressure up to 35 bar; glue viscosity up to 2500 mPa*s;switching frequency up to 500/sec; and nozzle diameter 0.4 mm.

Vario-valves: glue pressure up to 6 bar; glue viscosity up to 500 mPa*s;switching frequency up to 1000/sec; and nozzle diameter 0.4 mm.

Further suitable nozzle application systems are the ECNS series systemsfrom Robatech Glueing Technology. These systems typically have thefollowing technical data: glue pressure 1-6 bar; glue viscosity max. 500mPa*s; switching frequency max. 600/sec; and nozzle diameters 0.1-0.6mm.

Further suitable nozzle application systems are the systems from ITWDynatec Klebtechnik, Mettmann; from Reuther, Aichach; and from NordsonDeutschland GmbH, Erkrath.

By means of the nozzle application systems the vinyl ester copolymerdispersion is applied to the substrate in the form of a continuous orpredeterminately interrupted jet. Application of the vinyl estercopolymer dispersion of the invention is not spray application; instead,jets of adhesive, or sections of such jets, are applied to thesubstrate.

Substrates suitable are any desired materials that are to be joined toone another. These materials may have smooth, rough or porous surfacesand may take a variety of forms, flat materials being an example. Inrespect of the material as well there are no constraints imposed on thesubstrates. Examples of materials of which the substrates to be bondedmay be composed are metals, plastics, paint surfaces, paper, textiles,nonwovens or natural substances, such as wood.

The substrates to be bonded may possess absorbent surfaces orhydrophobic surfaces. Examples of absorbent surfaces are papers,including paperboard and cardboard, and other fiber webs. Examples ofhydrophobic surfaces are polymeric films (e.g., polyester film,polyolefin film such as polypropylene or polyethylene, for example,polystyrene film, acetate film) or papers with a UV varnish coating. Anydesired combination may occur in practice.

The vinyl ester copolymer dispersions of the invention are especiallysuitable for adhesives for nozzle application and, furthermore, have ahigh setting rate and universal bonding properties. In addition, thebonding properties can be controlled and further optimized through theincorporation into the polymer of “soft” comonomers, such as ethyleneand/or acrylates.

Surprisingly it has been found that, through the use of the aqueousvinyl ester copolymer dispersion of the invention having a very broadoverall particle size distribution, which may also be multimodal, inconjunction with a selected stabilizing system comprising protectivecolloids, more particularly polyvinyl alcohol, in combination withnonionic and/or ionic emulsifiers, it is possible to formulatedispersion-based adhesives having excellent nozzle running properties.Moreover, the preparation is very simple.

Preferred dispersions of the invention are further characterized by ayield point of 0.2 to 1.0, preferably 0.2 to 0.8 Pa, and moreparticularly of 0.3 to 0.6 Pa.

The yield point is the point of transition from elastic deformation toflow, and was determined using the Bohlin (now Malvern) CS Rheometer andthe C-25 GE measuring system at 25° C. The initial shearing stress was0.025 Pa, the final shearing stress 2 Pa. 100 linearly distributedmeasurement points were recorded in a measurement time of 60 seconds,and the viscosity was determined at the preset shearing stress. In theregion of transition from elastic deformation to flow, the instantaneousviscosity exhibits a maximum, which is an indicator of the beginning offlow. The shearing stress at this maximum corresponds to the yieldpoint.

The polymer dispersions used in accordance with the invention areprepared by free-radical emulsion polymerization of at least one vinylester of a carboxylic acid in combination if desired with furtherethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable therewith.

Suitable vinyl ester monomers typically include vinyl esters ofaliphatic, saturated carboxylic acids having a chain length of C₁-C₁₈,preferably a chain length of C₁-C₄, and/or combinations (e.g., withvinyl esters of the VeoVa type). Examples of vinyl esters of saturatedcarboxylic acids having a chain length of C₁-C₄ and C₅-C₁₈,respectively, are given later on below.

Suitable further ethylenically unsaturated monomers that arecopolymerizable with vinyl ester monomers include the free-radicallypolymerizable monomers that are known per se.

These are, for example, aromatic or aliphatic, α,β-unsaturated,unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, such as ethene,propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, vinyl chloride, and vinylidene chloride,preference being given to ethene.

Further comonomers which may be used in the copolymer are comonomerswhich allow the adhesion properties to be tailored. They include,primarily, esters of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic ordicarboxylic acids with monohydric alcohols, more particularly esters ofacrylic or methacrylic acid with aliphatic C₁-C₈ monoalcohols. Examplesof particularly preferred monomers of this type are butyl acrylate or2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

The stated monomers generally form the principal monomers, which interms of the total amount of the monomers to be polymerized by theprocess of free-radical aqueous polymerization, normally make up afraction of more than 80% by weight.

As a general rule these monomers are only of moderate to low solubilityin water under standard conditions (25° C., 1 atm).

It will be appreciated that further comonomers which modify theproperties in a specific way may be added. Such monomers are normallycopolymerized only as modifying monomers, in amounts, based on the totalamount of the monomers to be polymerized, of less than or equal to 20%by weight, generally 0.5% to 20%, preferably 1% to 10% by weight.

The monomers in question may be monomers which typically increase theinternal strength of films of the aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersions. These monomers normally contain at least one epoxy,hydroxyl, N-methylol or carbonyl group, or at least two nonconjugatedethylenically unsaturated double bonds.

Examples thereof are N-alkylol amides of α,β-monoethylenicallyunsaturated carboxylic acids containing three to ten carbon atoms, amongwhich N-methylolacrylamide and N-methylolmethacrylamide are especiallypreferred, and also their esters with alkanols containing one to fourcarbon atoms. Also suitable in addition are monomers containing twovinyl radicals, monomers containing two vinylidene radicals, andmonomers containing two alkenyl radicals.

Further examples of such monomers are diesters of dihydric alcohols withα,β-monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, among whichacrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.

The vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of the invention constitutes a verybroadly distributed or multimodal polymer dispersion, prepared by usingprotective colloids in combination with emulsifiers during the emulsionpolymerization.

One aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion with a very broad particlesize distribution that is particularly preferred in accordance with theinvention derives from at least one vinyl ester copolymer obtained byemulsion polymerization of at least one vinyl ester of an aliphaticcarboxylic acid in the presence of at least one polyvinyl alcohol,preferably a mixture of polyvinyl alcohols, and nonionic emulsifiers.

Particularly preferred vinyl ester copolymers derive from

-   -   A1) vinyl esters of aliphatic, saturated carboxylic acids having        a chain length of C₁-C₄,    -   A2) alpha-olefins having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and/or    -   A3) vinyl esters of aliphatic, saturated carboxylic acids having        a chain length of C₅-C₁₈, more particularly vinyl esters of        α-branched carboxylic acids having 5 to 11 carbon atoms in the        acid radical (®Versatic acids),    -   A4) if desired, esters of ethylenically unsaturated        monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acids, more particularly of        acrylic acid and/or of methacrylic acid and/or of maleic acid,        with monohydric saturated alcohols, more particularly butyl        acrylate (BuA) and/or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) and/or        dibutyl maleate and/or dioctyl maleate, and also    -   A5) if desired, further comonomers which do not fall within one        of groups A1 to A4), the sum of the monomers of types A1, A2        and/or A3 and/or, if desired, A4 and/or, if desired, A5 making        100% by weight.

Particularly preferred vinyl ester copolymers derive from monomers oftypes A1, A2 and/or, if desired, A4) or A1, A3 and/or, if desired, A4)or, preferably, from monomers of types A1, A2, A3 and/or, if desired,A4).

The vinyl esters A1 of aliphatic saturated carboxylic acids of chainlength C₁-C₄ are vinyl esters of linear or branched aliphatic carboxylicacids, examples being vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate,vinyl butyrate or vinyl isobutyrate. Vinyl acetate is preferred. In thepolyvinyl esters the vinyl esters A1 may also be present in acombination of two or more thereof alongside one another.

The fraction of the monomers A1, where appropriate in combination withfurther comonomers from this group, is 40% to 95% by weight, preferably50% to 80% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomersemployed.

The alpha-olefins having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, A2, are branched or linearalpha-olefins, examples being prop-1-ene, but-1-ene, pent-1-ene,hex-1-ene, hept-1-ene, oct-1-ene, and in particular, ethylene.

The fraction of the monomers A2, where appropriate in combination withfurther comonomers from this group, is 0% to 45% by weight, preferably5% to 45% by weight, more preferably 8% to 30% by weight, verypreferably 12% to 28% by weight, based on the total amount of themonomers employed.

The vinyl esters A3 of aliphatic saturated carboxylic acids of chainlength C₅-C₁₈ are vinyl esters of linear or, preferably, of branchedaliphatic carboxylic acids, examples being vinyl esters of α-branchedcarboxylic acids having 5 to 11 carbon atoms in the acid radical(®Versatic acids), the vinyl esters of pivalic, 2-ethylhexanoic, lauric,palmitic, myristic, and stearic acid. Vinyl esters of Versatic acids,more particularly VeoVa® 9, VeoVa® 10, and VeoVa® 11, are preferred. Inthe polyvinyl ester the vinyl esters A3 may also be present in acombination of two or more thereof alongside one another.

The fraction of the monomers A3, where appropriate in combination withfurther comonomers from this group, is 0% to 60% by weight, preferably0% to 40% by weight, more preferably 0% to 30% by weight, verypreferably 0% to 25% by weight, based on the total amount of themonomers employed.

Suitable comonomers of group A4 which can be used in the copolymer arecomonomers which can be used to tailor the adhesion properties. Theyinclude, primarily, esters of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylicor dicarboxylic acids with monohydric saturated alcohols, moreparticularly esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid or of maleic acidwith aliphatic C₁-C₈-monoalcohols, more particularly (meth)acrylicesters or maleic diesters with monohydric aliphatic saturated alcoholsof chain length C₄-C₈. Examples of particularly preferred monomers ofthis type are butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, dibutyl maleate ordioctyl maleate.

The fraction of the monomers A4, where appropriate in combination withfurther comonomers from this group, is 0% to 45% by weight, preferably0% to 40% by weight, more preferably 0% to 30% by weight, verypreferably 0% to 20% by weight, based on the total amount of themonomers employed.

Suitable comonomers of group A5 preferably possess at least onestabilizing nonionic or ionic group, preferably an acid group or an OHgroup in the molecule, which stabilize the emulsion polymer additionallyvia polymer-bonded functional groups and/or charges.

Particularly suitable comonomers A5 with stabilizing nonionic groups areesters of ethylenically unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic and/ordicarboxylic acids with polyalkylene glycols, preferably withpolyethylene glycols and/or polypropylene glycols, or esters ofethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids with amino alcohols, such as(meth)acrylic esters of amino alcohols, such as of diethylaminoethanol,for example, and/or (meth)acrylic esters with dimethylaminoethanol, andalso (meth)acrylic esters with dihydric aliphatic alcohols of chainlength C₂-C₁₈ in which only one alcohol group has been esterified. Alsosuitable are amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, suchas amides of acrylic and methacrylic acid, and N-methylol amides ofacrylic and methacrylic acid, and their ethers. A further group of thesemonomers are N-vinyl amides, including the N-vinyl lactams, such asvinyl pyrrolidone or N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, for example.

Suitable comonomers A5 having stabilizing ionic groups are ethylenicallyunsaturated carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids which have one or twocarboxyl groups or one sulfonic acid group. In place of the free acidsit is also possible to use their salts, preferably alkali metal salts orammonium salts.

Examples thereof are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid,maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, vinylsulfonic acid,styrenesulfonic acid, monoesters of maleic and/or fumaric acid, and ofitaconic acid, with monohydric aliphatic saturated alcohols of chainlength C₁-C₁₈, and also their alkali metal salts and ammonium salts, or(meth)acrylic esters of sulfoalkanols, an example being sodium2-sulfoethyl methacrylate.

Further comonomers A5 which can be used to tailor the adhesionproperties are ethylenically unsaturated silanes. These are, typically,monomers of the general formula RSi(CH₃)₀₋₂(OR¹)₃₋₁, in which R has thedefinition CH₂═CR²—(CH₂)₀₋₁ or CH₂═CR²CO₂—(CH₂)₁₋₃, R¹ is a branched orunbranched, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl radical having 1 to 12carbon atoms, which if appropriate may be interrupted by an ether group,and R² is H or CH₃.

As further comonomers A5 which can be used in the copolymer it ispossible to employ any desired comonomers which do not belong to groupsA1, A2, A3 or A4. Examples of such are esters of aliphatic carboxylicacids of chain length C₃-C₁₂ with unsaturated alcohols of chain lengthC₃-C₁₈, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile andmethacrylonitrile, butadiene, isoprene, C₉-C₁₆ alpha-olefins,2-chlorobutadiene, 2,3-dichlorobutadiene, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene,vinyl ethers of monohydric aliphatic saturated alcohols of chain lengthC₁-C₁₈ divinyl and diallyl esters of saturated and unsaturated aliphaticdicarboxylic acids of chain length C₃-C₁₈, vinyl and allyl esters ofacrylic acid and crotonic acid, triallyl cyanurate, and ethylenicallyunsaturated epoxide compounds, such as glycidyl methacrylate or glycidylacrylate.

Preferred further comonomers A5 are C₁₄-C₁₆ alpha-olefins or butadieneor ethylenically unsaturated epoxide compounds.

The amount of the further comonomers A5 where present, where appropriatein combination with further comonomers from this monomer group, istypically up to 10% by weight, preferably up to 8% by weight, based onthe overall copolymer composition A).

In the polyvinyl ester the comonomers A5 may also be present in acombination of two or more thereof alongside one another.

Preference is given to dispersions comprising polyvinyl acetate-ethylenecopolymers, which in particular contain between 12 and up to 40 parts byweight of ethylene. Another preferred variant of the dispersions of theinvention comprises polyvinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers whichadditionally contain, in copolymerized form, 0.5 to 40 parts by weightof esters of acrylic acid and/or of esters of methacrylic acid and/or ofdiesters of maleic acid with monohydric saturated alcohols, moreparticularly butyl acrylate (BuA) and/or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA)and/or dibutyl maleate and/or dioctyl maleate.

The solids fraction of the aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersions ofthe invention with broad particle size distribution is typically 40% to70% by weight, preferably 45% to 60% by weight, based on the overallsolids content, more preferably between 50% and 55%.

The vinyl ester copolymer dispersions of the invention comprise astabilizer mixture made up of at least one protective colloid,preferably of polyvinyl alcohols and/or modifications thereof incombination with at least one emulsifier, preferably a nonionicemulsifier.

The protective colloids are water-soluble or water-dispersible polymerswhich are present during the emulsion polymerization and stabilize thedispersion as it forms. Emulsifiers are low molecular weight compoundswhich stabilize the emulsion and also the product formed.

Examples of protective colloids are water-soluble or water-dispersiblepolymeric modified natural substances, such as cellulose ethers,examples being methyl-, ethyl-, hydroxyethyl- or carboxymethylcellulose;water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric synthetic substances, suchas polyvinyl alcohols or their copolymers (with or without residualacetyl content), and polyvinyl alcohol which is partially esterified oracetalized or etherified with saturated radicals.

The protective colloids can be used individually or, preferably, incombination. In the case of combinations they each differ in theirmolecular weights or they differ in their molecular weights and in theirchemical composition, such as the degree of hydrolysis, for example.

In place of the molecular weight it is preferred to specify theviscosity of a 4% strength aqueous solution at 20° C. (measured usingthe Höppler viscometer).

Polyvinyl alcohol is generally prepared by hydrolysis of polyvinylacetate.

In accordance with the invention at least one high molecular weightpolyvinyl alcohol and/or at least one high molecular weight protectivecolloid other than polyvinyl alcohol, such as a cellulose ether, istaken initially. High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol for thepurposes of this description means a polyvinyl alcohol whose 4% strengthaqueous solution at 20° C. (measured using the Höppler viscometer) has aviscosity of at least 18 mPa*s. A high molecular weight protectivecolloid other than polyvinyl alcohol is for the purposes of thisdescription a protective colloid whose 2% strength aqueous solution at20° C. (measured using the Höppler viscometer) has a viscosity of atleast 1000 mPa*s.

Particularly suitable polyvinyl alcohol preferably possesses a degree ofhydrolysis of 70 to 100 mol %, more preferably 80 to 99 mol %, withparticular preference 87 to 99 mol %, and/or its aqueous solutionpossesses a viscosity at 20° C. of 18 to 60 mPa*s, 18-50 mPa*s, moreparticularly 18-40 mPa*s. In addition to these high molecular weightpolyvinyl alcohols it is possible to use mixtures containing polyvinylalcohols of lower molecular weight. Examples of polyvinyl alcohols withlower molecular weights are polyvinyl alcohols having a degree ofhydrolysis of 70 to 100 mol %, preferably 80 to 99 mol %, morepreferably 87 to 99 mol %, whose aqueous solution has a viscosity at 20°C. of 2 to 18 mPa*s, preferably 3-18 mPa*s, more particularly 4-18mPa*s.

These and subsequent viscosity figures relate in each case tomeasurements with the Höppler viscometer.

Further suitable and particularly preferred polyvinyl alcohols may havebeen hydrophobically or hydrophilically modified in any way.

Examples of hydrophobically modified polyvinyl alcohols which do notcontain water-soluble monomer units in their main chain areethylene-containing polyvinyl alcohols of the type Exceval® from KSE. Itis also possible, however, for other comonomers to be present in thepolyvinyl alcohol, such as Versatic acid vinyl esters, AMPS,vinylsulfonate or carboxylic acid-containing alkylene compounds such asacrylic acid, methacrylic acid or itaconic acid, for example. Thedistribution of the comonomers within the polyvinyl alcohol may beblockwise and/or random, and allows the stabilization to be controlled,among other things.

Another preferred possibility is that of modification by arbitraryside-chain reactions on the polyvinyl alcohol, with preference beinggiven to modification on the alcohol groups. By way of example, thealcohol groups of the polyvinyl alcohol may be partially acetalized, itbeing possible to furnish the polyvinyl alcohols with any desiredradicals, which may be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic; moreparticularly, with polyvinyl alcohols modified with C₁-C₁₂ alkylradicals, very preferably with butyl radicals, as described in DE-A-19650 831.

It is, however, also possible to use polyvinyl alcohols having othermodifications.

Mixtures of different polyvinyl alcohols can be used, or else just onetype, preference being given to mixtures of polyvinyl alcohols havingdifferent molecular weights.

Particularly suitable polyvinyl alcohol possesses a degree of hydrolysisof 70 to 100 mol %, preferably 80 to 99 mol %, more preferably 87 to 99mol %, and/or its 4% strength aqueous solution possesses a viscosity at20° C. of 18.

In the case of protective colloids other than polyvinyl alcohol,protective colloids having the high molecular weights described aboveare used in the process of the invention.

Mixtures of different protective colloids can be used, or else only onetype.

The total amount of the protective colloids used, more particularly ofthe polyvinyl alcohols and/or their modified derivatives, is typically2% to 12% by weight, preferably 3% to 8% by weight, based on the totalweight of all the monomers used to prepare the vinyl ester copolymerdispersion.

Besides the protective colloids, it is mandatory for the vinyl estercopolymer dispersion of the invention to additionally includeemulsifiers. These may be nonionic emulsifiers E1 and/or anionicemulsifiers E2, preference being given to the nonionic emulsifiers.

Examples of nonionic emulsifiers E1 are acyl, alkyl, oleyl, andalkylaryl oxethylates. These products are commercially available, forexample, under the name Genapol®, Lutensol® or Emulan®. They include,for example, ethoxylated mono-, di-, and tri-alkylphenols (EO degree: 3to 50, alkyl substituent radical: C₄ to C₁₂) and also ethoxylated fattyalcohols (EO degree: 3 to 80; alkyl radical: C₈ to C₃₆), especiallyC₁₂-C₁₄ fatty alcohol (3-40)ethoxylates, C₁₃C₁₅ oxo-process alcohol(3-40)ethoxylates, C₁₆C₁₈ fatty alcohol (11-80)ethoxylates, C₁₀oxo-process alcohol (3-40)ethoxylates, C₁₃ oxo-process alcohol(3-40)ethoxylates, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate with 20 ethyleneoxide groups, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide having aminimum ethylene oxide content of 10% by weight, the polyethyleneoxide(4-40) ethers of oleyl alcohol, and the polyethene oxide(4-40)ethers of nonylphenol. Particularly suitable are the polyethyleneoxide(4-40) ethers of fatty alcohols, more particularly of oleylalcohol, stearyl alcohol or C₁₁ alkyl alcohols.

The amount of nonionic emulsifiers E1 used is typically 0.05% to 5.0% byweight, preferably 0.05% to 4.0% by weight, more preferably 0.05% to1.5% by weight, based on the polymer. Mixtures of nonionic emulsifierscan also be employed.

Examples of anionic emulsifiers E2 are sodium, potassium, and ammoniumsalts of linear aliphatic carboxylic acids of chain length C₁₂-C₂₀,sodium hydroxyoctadecanesulfonate, sodium, potassium and ammonium saltsof hydroxy fatty acids of chain length C₁₂-C₂₀ and their sulfonationand/or sulfation and/or acetylation products, alkyl sulfates, includingthose in the form of triethanolamine salts, alkyl(C₁₀-C₂₀)sulfonates,alkyl(C₁₀-C₂₀)arylsulfonates, dimethyl-dialkyl(C₈-C₁₈)ammonium chloride,and their sulfonation products, lignosulfonic acid and its calcium,magnesium, sodium, and ammonium salts, resin acids, hydrogenated anddehydrogenated resin acids, and their alkali metal salts, dodecylatedsodium diphenyl ether disulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, ethoxylatedsodium lauryl ether sulfate (EO degree 3) or a salt of a bisester,preferably of a bis-C₄-C₁₈ alkyl ester, of a sulfonated dicarboxylicacid having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, or a mixture of these salts, preferablysulfonated salts of esters of succinic acid, more preferably salts, suchas alkali metal salts, of bis-C₄-C₁₈ alkyl esters of sulfonated succinicacid.

The amount of anionic emulsifiers E2 used is typically 0.05% to 5.0% byweight, preferably 0.05% to 2.0% by weight, more preferably 0.05% to1.5% by weight, based on the polymer. Mixtures of anionic emulsifierscan also be employed.

Mixtures of nonionic and anionic emulsifiers can also be employed. Theweight fraction of emulsifiers E1 to E2 may fluctuate within wideranges, between 50:1 and 1:1 for example.

In addition to the protective colloids and emulsifiers that are usedduring the emulsion polymerization it is additionally possible to havethe dispersions of the invention containing subsequently addedwater-soluble or water-dispersible polymers and/or subsequently addedemulsifiers too.

The total fraction of emulsifiers, based on the polymer, is typically0.05% to 5% by weight, preferably 0.05% to 4.0% by weight, morepreferably 0.05% to 1.5% by weight.

It is preferred to use nonionic emulsifiers only.

Vinyl ester copolymer dispersions used with particular preferencecontain polyvinyl alcohol in an amount of 3% to 10% by weight, based onthe monomers employed, and contain emulsifier in an amount of 0.05-1.5parts by weight.

Where appropriate, the aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersions of theinvention further comprise additional additions which are typical per sein the formulation of dispersion-based adhesives.

These include, for example, film-forming assistants, such as whitespirit, Texanol®, TxiB®, butyl glycol, butyldiglycol, butyldipropyleneglycol, and butyltripropylene glycol; plasticizers, such as dimethylphthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisobutyl adipate, Coasol B®,Plastilit 3060®, and Triazetin®; wetting agents, such as AMP 90®,TegoWet.280®, Fluowet PE®; thickeners, such as polyacrylates orpolyurethanes, such as Borchigel L75® and Tafigel PUR 60®; defoamers,such as mineral oil defoamers or silicone defoamers; UV protectants,such as Tinuvin 1130®, subsequently added stabilizing polymers, such aspolyvinyl alcohol or cellulose ethers, and other additives andauxiliaries of the kind typical for the formulation of adhesives.

The fraction of these additions in the dispersion-based adhesive of theinvention can be up to 25% by weight, preferably 2% to 15% by weight,and in particular 5% to 10% by weight, based on the dispersion.

The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersions of the invention areadvantageously prepared by emulsion polymerization of at least one vinylester of an aliphatic carboxylic acid, by:

-   -   a) initially introducing 2% to 10% by weight, based on the total        weight of all the monomers used to prepare the vinyl ester        copolymer dispersion, of at least one polyvinyl alcohol having a        viscosity of the 4% strength aqueous solution, measured by the        method of Höppler at 20° C., of at least 18 mPa*s and/or of at        least one other protective colloid which is not a polyvinyl        alcohol, having a viscosity of the 2% strength aqueous solution,        measured by the method of Höppler at 20° C., of at least 1000        mPa*s,    -   b) initially introducing 0.05% to 5% by weight, based on the        total weight of all the monomers used to prepare the vinyl ester        copolymer dispersion, of at least one nonionic emulsifier and/or        ionic emulsifier, preferably an alkyl and/or aryl ethoxylate,    -   c) initially introducing 0% to 60% by weight, based on the total        weight of all the monomers used to prepare the vinyl ester        copolymer dispersion, of the monomer or monomers,    -   d) adding at least one vinyl ester of a carboxylic acid,        preferably in combination with ethylene, and at least one        initiator of free-radical emulsion polymerization to the mixture        comprising components a), b), and, if appropriate, c), and by    -   e) selecting the type and amount of the monomers so as to form a        vinyl ester copolymer dispersion having a glass transition        temperature of between −30 and +15° C.

As a consequence of the implementation of the polymerization as ametering process, the initial charge containing, where appropriate, upto 60% of monomers and also a combination of at least one high molecularweight protective colloid with at least one emulsifier, vinyl estercopolymer dispersions are formed which have the broad particle sizedistribution described above, preferably with a weight average particlesize distribution d_(w) of the dispersion of 0.5 to 6.0 μm, moreparticularly 0.7 to 5.0 μm, and a ratio d_(w)/d_(n) of preferably 2.5 to20.0, more particularly 3.0 to 15.0.

In the process of the invention the monomers are selected so as to formcopolymers whose glass transition temperature lies between −30 to +15°C., preferably between −20 to +10° C., and very preferably between −20and +5° C. The skilled worker is aware of the selection criteria forachieving this.

The preparation of the dispersions of the invention may take place via aprocess of emulsion polymerization, in which the monomer is metered incontinuously or discontinuously or is present at up to 60% by weight inthe initial charge. Preference is given to continuous metering.

By virtue of steps a) and b), the protective colloids and emulsifiersare already in the initial charge, and may additionally be added duringthe polymerization. Additional quantities of them, moreover, may alsostill be added after the polymerization. Preferably the entirety of thestabilizer is included in the initial charge, though it is also possibleto add a part of the stabilizer at the beginning and to add theremainder after the polymerization has been initiated, in one or moresteps, or continuously. The addition may take place separately ortogether with other components, such as monomers and/or initiators, orelse in the form of a monomer emulsion.

The protective colloids used to prepare the polymer dispersion that isemployed preferably in accordance with the invention, preferably themixtures of polyvinyl alcohols and/or their modified derivatives, arepreferably dissolved at the beginning of the polymerization (typicallyin water) and introduced at least 85° C., preferably at least 90° C.,for two to three hours and before the polymerization.

It will be appreciated that in addition to the vinyl esters it is alsopossible to employ comonomers. Examples thereof have been given earlieron above.

The preparation of aqueous polymer dispersions has already beendescribed in numerous instances and is therefore known to the skilledworker [cf., e.g., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol.8, p. 659 ff (1987)].

It is preferably accomplished by emulsion polymerization of at least onevinyl ester monomer in the presence of a preferably water-solublepolymerization initiator and also in the presence of stabilizers and, ifdesired, additional emulsifiers and, if desired, typical furtheradditives. Alternatively it can be carried out in other heterophasesystems, with the measures a) to f) described above preferably beingtaken.

In general the addition of the monomers takes place by continuous feed;alternatively it is possible to include up to 60% by weight of themonomers in the initial charge.

The polymerization may also be carried out in a manner known per se intwo or more stages with different monomer combinations, giving polymerdispersions having particles with heterogeneous morphology.

Suitable initiators for the free-radical polymerization, for initiatingand continuing the polymerization during the preparation of thedispersions, include all known initiators which are capable ofinitiating a free-radical, aqueous polymerization in heterophasesystems.

These initiators may be peroxides, such as alkali metal and/or ammoniumperoxodisulfates, or azo compounds, more particularly water-soluble azocompounds.

As polymerization initiators it is also possible to use what are calledredox initiators. Examples thereof are tert-butyl hydroperoxide and/orhydrogen peroxide in combination with reducing agents, such as withsulfur compounds, an example being the sodium salt ofhydroxymethanesulfinic acid, Brüggolit FF6 and FF7, Rongalit C, sodiumsulfite, sodium disulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and acetone-bisulfiteadduct, or with ascorbic acid or with reducing sugars.

The amount of the initiators or initiator combinations used in theprocess varies within what is usual for aqueous polymerizations inheterophase systems. In general the amount of initiator used will notexceed 5% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers to bepolymerized.

The amount of initiators used, based on the total amount of the monomersto be polymerized, is preferably 0.05% to 2.0% by weight.

In this context it is possible for the total amount of initiator to beincluded in the initial charge at the beginning of the polymerization;preferably, alternatively, a portion of the initiator is included in theinitial charge at the beginning, and the remainder is added after thepolymerization has been initiated, in one or more steps or continuously.The addition may be made separately or together with other components,such as emulsifiers.

The molecular weight of the polymers of the aqueous polymer dispersionscan be adjusted by adding small amounts of one or more molecular weightregulator substances. These regulators, as they are known, are generallyused in an amount of up to 2% by weight, based on the monomers to bepolymerized. As regulators it is possible to use all of the substancesknown to the skilled worker. Preference is given, for example, toorganic thio compounds, silanes, allyl alcohols, and aldehydes.

The aqueous polymer dispersion may further comprise a range ofadditional substances, such as plasticizers, preservatives, agents foradjusting the pH and/or defoamers, for example.

The polymerization temperature is generally 20 to 150° C. and preferably50 to 100° C.

The polymerization takes place under pressure if appropriate, preferably10-150 bar, more preferably 30 to 95 bar.

Following the polymerization reaction proper it may be desirable and/ornecessary largely to free the resultant aqueous polymer dispersion fromodorous substances, such as residual monomers and other volatile organicconstituents, for example. This can be done in a manner known per se,physically for example, by distillative removal (in particular via steamdistillation) or by stripping with an inert gas. A further possibilityis also to reduce the residual monomer content chemically, by means offree-radical post-polymerization, more particularly by exposure to redoxinitiator systems, as described, for example in DE-A-4,435,423.Preference is given to a post-polymerization with a redox initiatorsystem made up of at least one organic peroxide and also one organicand/or inorganic sulfite and/or sulfinic acid derivatives.

Particular preference is given to a combination of physical and chemicalmethods, where after the residual monomer content has been lowered bychemical post-polymerization the further lowering of the residualmonomer content is accomplished by means of physical methods, topreferably <2000 ppm, more preferably <1000 ppm, in particular <100 ppm.

The polymerization is typically carried out at a pH in the region ofless than/equal to 9. To adjust the pH of the polymer dispersion it ispossible in principle to use buffer systems, such as sodium acetate, forexample, or phosphate buffer systems.

Preferably a pH range of 2 to 9 is favorable, a preferred pH being inthe range between 3 and 8.

The solids content of the vinyl ester copolymer dispersions of theinvention is at least 40% by weight, preferably between 45% and 60% byweight, and with particular preference between 50% and 55%. The weightfigures here are based on the total mass of the dispersion.

The invention also relates to the use of the above-described polymerdispersion for nozzle application to substrates.

Application may take place two-dimensionally or, preferably, in dot orline format.

The dispersion-based adhesives of the invention are used preferably forthe adhesive bonding of coated or uncoated paper in the production-linefabrication of folding boxes, envelopes, brochures, and cigarettes, moreparticularly for producing paper/paper bonds (coated and uncoated) orpaper/polymeric film bonds.

A particular feature of this invention, in addition, is that thedispersions can be prepared in such a way that they can be used to bondeven difficult-to-bond substrates, such as papers coated with UVvarnish, without the heat stability dropping to a critical level (<60°C.).

These uses are likewise provided by the present invention.

The examples below illustrate the invention without limiting it.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 depicts a graph of the particle size distribution of thedispersions of Examples 1 to 3.

FIG. 2 a shows the behavior of the inventive dispersions of Examples 1and 2 respectively. After 2 hours a buildup of 1.5 mm is apparent, andthe nozzle is still not clogged. In addition, the form of the buildup isnot as disruptive as in the reference case, since the jet of adhesive isnot diverted uncontrolledly.

FIG. 2 b shows the contamination at the nozzle in the case of thereference dispersion (Example 3).

MEASUREMENT METHODS

Measuring the Particle Size Distribution

The particle size distribution was measured using the Mastersizer MicroPlus laser diffraction instrument from Malvern. The scatter data wereevaluated using the volume-averaged “polydisperse Mie” evaluationprovided by Malvern.

Glass Transition Temperature

The glass transition temperature was measured using a Mettler DSC 820 at20 K/min. Evaluation was carried out on the second heating curve.

EXAMPLE 1

A 60 l pressure apparatus with stirrer, jacket heating, and meteringpumps was charged with an aqueous solution consisting of the followingconstituents: 13109 g  DI water (deionized water) 5898 g Celvol ® 508(15% in DI water, polyvinyl alcohol from Celanese) 2524 g Celvol ® 523(15% in DI water, polyvinyl alcohol from Celanese)  17 g sodium acetate 112 g Genapol ® T 250 (ethoxylate-based nonionic emulsifier fromClariant)  17.6 g sodium disulfite  0.06 g Mohr salt

The polyvinyl alcohols were each dissolved beforehand in a 15% strengthsolution at 90° C. for 2 hours.

The aqueous solution was adjusted with about 5.6 g of acetic acid to apH of 4.8-5.2. The apparatus was freed from atmospheric oxygen. 8% ofthe amount of vinyl acetate (total amount 20474 g) was metered into thereactor. The ethylene valve was opened. At the same time the temperaturewas raised to 60° C. and the ethylene pressure was adjusted such that at60° C. the pressure exerted is 42 bar. The total amount of ethylene was6133 g. The ethylene valve was only closed again when the total amountwas in the reactor. The metered feeds of the redox initiators—

5 g Brüggolit FF7 (reducing agent from Brüggemann) in 1519 g of DI water

44.6 g sodium peroxodisulfate in 1519 g of water—

and of the remaining amount of vinyl acetate were commenced after 10minutes' stirring. The length of the metering of the vinyl acetate was7.5 hours, and that of the initiators 8 hours. In the course of thesemetered additions the ethylene pressure was held constant at 42 bar andthe temperature at 60° C. After the end of the vinyl acetate feed thebatch was heated to 85° C. over the course of 60 minutes and was held atthat temperature for 1 hour. For the purpose of reducing the amount ofresidual monomer, the batch was cooled to 60° C. and treated with knownredox systems (e.g., hydrogen peroxide/tartaric acid/Mohr salt) and/or aphysical treatment was conducted.

Characteristic Data of Example Dispersion 1 dry matter: 53% pH(electrode measurement): 5 Brookfield viscosity (23° C., spindle 4, 20rpm): 5700 mPa * s residual monomer content: <0.2% glass transitiontemperature of polymer (20 K/min): 5° C. particle size distribution(Mastersizer, polydisperse, Mie): d_(w) = 1.9 μm d_(w)/d_(n) = 4.5

EXAMPLE 2

A 60 l pressure apparatus with stirrer, jacket heating, and meteringpumps was charged with an aqueous solution consisting of the followingconstituents: 12143 g  DI water (deionized water) 5862 g Celvol ® 508(15% in DI water, polyvinyl alcohol from Celanese) 2508 g Celvol ® 523(15% in DI water, polyvinyl alcohol from Celanese)  111 g Genapol ® T250 (ethoxylate-based nonionic emulsifier from Clariant)  31.7 gtartaric acid  0.95 g iron(III) chloride solution (40% in DI water)  5.5 g Rongalit ® C (sodium formaldehyde-sulfoxylate, BASF)

The polyvinyl alcohols were each dissolved beforehand in a 15% strengthsolution at 90° C. for 2 hours.

The apparatus was freed from atmospheric oxygen. At 36° C. 50% of theamount of vinyl acetate (total amount: 18367 g) was metered into thereactor. The ethylene valve was opened and 57% of the ethylene (totalamount: 8079 g) was forced into the reactor. The ethylene valve wasclosed. After 15 minutes for equilibrium adjustment, 90 g each ofreducing agent solution (total amount: 85 g of Rongalit C in 1909 g ofDI water) and oxidizing agent solution (total amount: 97 g of 35%hydrogen peroxide in 1909 g of water) were added over the course of 5minutes. At the same time the internal temperature was taken to 80° C.After the start of the reaction (exothermic reaction) the metered feedswere commenced:

vinyl acetate, 8000 g in 90 minutes; reducing agent solution andoxidizing agent solution in 4 hours.

At the same time, via automatic regulation of the pumps for oxidizingagent and reducing agent, the internal temperature was controlled insuch a way that it was 80° C. The jacket temperature was set at a fixed45° C. Toward the end of the 4-hour metering time (approximately after 3hours) there was a sharp increase in the metering rate and, ifnecessary, the jacket temperature was raised in a ramp to up to 75° C.in order to maintain the 80° C. internal temperature. After the end ofthe vinyl acetate feed the remainder (1183 g) was metered in at a rateof 3.55 kg/h. After the end of the metered feeds post-polymerization wascarried out at 65° C. for 1 hour. Subsequently, at 65° C., for thepurpose of residual monomer reduction, a redox process was added on(e.g., hydrogen peroxide/tert-butylhydroperoxide/Rongalit C/iron(III)chloride) and/or a physical treatment was carried out.

Characteristic Data of Example Dispersion 2 dry matter: 51% pH(electrode measurement): 3 Brookfield viscosity (23° C., spindle 4, 20rpm): 5300 mPa * s residual monomer content: <0.2% glass transitiontemperature of polymer (20 K/min): −5° C. particle size distribution(Mastersizer, polydisperse, Mie): d_(w) = 2.5 μm d_(w)/d_(n) = 14

EXAMPLE 3 (COMPARATIVE)

Commercial VAE (vinyl acetate-ethylene) dispersion stabilized only withpolyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

Characteristic Data of Comparative Dispersion 3 dry matter: 55% pH(electrode measurement): 4 Brookfield viscosity (23° C., spindle 4, 20rpm): 4000 mPa * s residual monomer content: <0.2% glass transitiontemperature of polymer (20 K/min): 7° C. particle size distribution(Mastersizer, polydisperse, Mie): d_(w) = 0.86 μm d_(w)/d_(n) = 2.26

FIG. 1 shows the particle size distribution of the dispersions ofexamples 1 to 3. The broad particle size distributions of the twoinventive dispersions are evident in comparison to the relatively narrowdistribution of the prior-art VAE dispersion.

EXAMPLE 4 Nozzle Application and Adhesive Properties

1. Buildup

Application to a high-speed conveyor belt was simulated in thelaboratory by application to a stainless steel roller rotating at highspeed. The roller had a diameter of approximately 26 cm and was rotatedwith a speed of 100 m/min. Located vertically above the roller was adevice having 3 glue application nozzles. These nozzles were suppliedwith the adhesive by means of a hoseline system via a piston pump(pressure 5-40 bar; 10 bar were used in the tests). The distance betweenthe nozzle and the roller was 4 mm. The glue application nozzles (e.g.,hhs, D-valve) were driven via an electronic control unit. The simulationwas carried out at the profile of the side-seam bonding of a folding box12 cm long. 12 glue dots were applied in a row. The open time of thevalve was 4 ms, and the closed time between 2 dots was 2 ms. The totaltime for a row with a total of 12 glue dots was therefore 70 ms.

A sequence consisted of 4 rows, with a pause of 55.3 ms between theindividual rows (to simulate the distance between 2 substrates on theconveyor belt). Between 2 sequences there was a pause of 165.6 ms.

This profile was run over a time of 2 hours, and at 15-minute intervalsthe stalactitic buildup on the nozzle was measured by means of digitalimage analysis. For these measurements the dispersion was diluted to thepoint where it exhibited a viscosity of approximately 1000 mPa*s. Theresult is the buildup in mm over the time in minutes.

2. Tailing

The tailing was determined by digital image analysis of the dropsapplied to the stainless steel roller, using a high-speed camera.Application in the case of this experiment was in principle similar tothat described under 1, except that the running speed of the roller was250 m/min and the distance between the nozzle and the roller was 10 mm.The cycle sequence of the nozzle was 4 ms for one glue dot and 3.4 msbetween 2 glue dots. The result reports the drop measured in thelengthwise direction from the “head” to the “tail”.

3. Manual Setting Rate

3.1 Using a slotted coating bar (50 μm wet film), the adhesive wasapplied to the glazed side of a piece of cardboard cut to a length of 40cm and a width of 10 cm, e.g., GD1 Juwel Top (250 g/m²), which had beenprovided with a cm scale.

3.2 Directly after the application of the adhesive, a strip of paper cutto a length of 55 cm and a width of 5 cm, e.g., kraft paper (80 g/m²),was placed on the film of adhesive and adhered by pressing down using amanual roller.

3.3 Immediately after the completion of the bond, the paper strip waspeeled from the card by hand at a speed of about 1 cm/s until clearlyvisible fiber extraction occurred.

3.4 As a result of the scaling on the cardboard strip it was nowpossible to correlate the distance traveled to the beginning of fiberextraction with a time (1 cm corresponds to 1 s). This figurecorresponded to the setting time of the adhesive, and was reported.

4. Bonding of Substrates (UV-Coated Papers)

The paper substrates coated with UV varnish were coated with a 100 μmwet application of the adhesive and with a width of 4 cm on the coatedside. The substrates may be, for example, papers from WeilburgerGraphics GmbH, UV 360040/49=high molecular weight, UV 360050/59=lowmolecular weight). Adhesive bonding was performed in differentversions: 1. face to face bonding (coated side to coated side), 2. faceto back bonding (coated side to uncoated side). The substrates wereloaded with a 1 kg weight for approximately 2 minutes and then storedfor at least 3 days in a controlled-climate chamber at 23° C. and 50%relative atmospheric humidity. The quality of the adhesive bond wasevaluated by manual peeling apart of the bonded substrates (fiberrupture in %).

5. Heat Stability

The glazed side of a kraft paper sheet (Glock paper, 70 g/cm²), whichbeforehand had been coated with a 75 μm wet application of the adhesivein a width of 1 cm, was bonded to the unglazed side of the craft paper.The bonded substrates were loaded with a 1 kg weight for approximately 2minutes and then stored at room temperature for 24 hours. Subsequentlystrips 2.5 cm wide were cut from the paper composite. The strips wereloaded with 200 g and suspended in a drying cabinet at 30° C. Thetemperature was raised by 5° C. every 30 minutes. The heat stabilitycorresponded to the temperature at which the test strip is still held.The maximum value was 110° C. TABLE 1 Results from example 4 ParticleBehavior at the Adhesive properties size nozzle bonding of UV-distribution Dispersion buildup tailing manual setting coated papersheat d_(w) in from example (mm/h) (mm) rate(s) (UV 360050/59) stabilityμm d_(w)/d_(n) 1 (inventive) 1.5 14.0 18 −  70° C. 1.9 4.87 (0% fiberrupture) 2 (inventive) 0.7 10.6 17 + >100° C. 2.53 14.1 (100% fiberrupture) 3 (reference) 4 14.6 18 − >100° C. 0.86 2.26 (nozzle (0% fiberrupture) clogged)

The inventive examples 1 and 2 show only very slight buildup at thenozzle, whereas after just 1 hour the reference dispersion shows abuildup of >4 mm. The tailing is comparable with the state of the art.The adhesive properties in the inventive examples can be set such thatthey adhere very well even to apolar and difficult-to-bond substrates,and without the heat stability being affected (example 2). Even afteraddition of 5% of plasticizer (Benzoflex 2088) in the inventive example2, which improves the bonding to high molecular weight UV varnish, thereis still a heat stability of 100° C.

The tailing of the tested dispersions is depicted in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b.

FIG. 2 a shows the behavior of the inventive dispersions of examples 1and 2 respectively. After 2 hours a buildup of 1.5 mm is apparent, andthe nozzle is still not clogged. In addition, the form of the buildup isnot as disruptive as in the reference case, since the jet of adhesive isnot diverted uncontrolledly.

FIG. 2 b shows the contamination at the nozzle in the case of thereference dispersion (example 3; clogs after <60 minutes).

1-21. (canceled)
 22. An aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersionstabilized with at least one protective colloid combined with at leastone emulsifier, said dispersion having a viscosity of less than 8000mPa*s, a weight average d_(w) of the particle sizes of 0.5 to 10 μm, anda ratio of weight average to number average of the particle sizes,d_(w)/d_(n), of at least 2.5, wherein said copolymer possesses a glasstransition temperature of between −30 and 15° C.
 23. The aqueous vinylester copolymer dispersion of claim 22, wherein said viscosity is from100 to 8000 mPa*s.
 24. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion ofclaim 22, wherein said weight average of the particle sizes, d_(w), is0.5 to 6.0 μm.
 25. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim22, wherein said glass transition temperature is between −20 and 5° C.26. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim 22 derivedfrom at least one vinyl ester copolymer obtained by emulsionpolymerization of A1) vinyl esters of aliphatic, saturated carboxylicacids having a chain length of C₁-C₄; A2) alpha-olefins having 2 to 8carbon atoms; and/or A3) vinyl esters of aliphatic, saturated carboxylicacids having a chain length of C₅-C₁₈; wherein the sum of A1), A2),and/or A3) is 100% by weight.
 27. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersion of claim 26, wherein said at least one vinyl ester copolymeris obtained by emulsion polymerization of A1), A2) and/or A3) with A4)esters of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acidswith monohydric saturated alcohols; and/or A5) further comonomers whichare not A1), A2), A3), or A4); wherein the sum of A1), A2), and/or A3),and/or A4), and/or A5) making 100% by weight.
 28. The aqueous vinylester copolymer dispersion of claim 26, comprising polyvinylacetate-ethylene copolymers or polyvinyl acetate ethylene copolymerswhich further contain, in copolymerized form, 0.5 to 40 parts by weightof esters of acrylic acid and/or of esters of methacrylic acid and/or ofdiesters of maleic acid with monohydric saturated alcohols.
 29. Theaqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim 28, comprisingpolyvinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers.
 30. The aqueous vinyl estercopolymer dispersion of claim 22, wherein said at least one protectivecolloid is polyvinyl alcohol or a mixture of polyvinyl alcohols.
 31. Theaqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim 30, wherein saidpolyvinyl alcohol has a degree of hydrolysis of 70 to 100 mol % and/orwherein its aqueous solution at 20° C. possesses a viscosity at 20° C.of 18 to 60 mPa*s.
 32. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion ofclaim 22, wherein said at least one emulsifier is at least one nonionicemulsifier.
 33. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim22, wherein the amount of said at least one protective colloid is 3% to10% by weight and the amount of said at least one emulsifier is 0.05% to1.5% by weight, based in each case on the total amount of monomersemployed.
 34. The aqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim 22,wherein said dispersion has a yield point of 0.2 to 1.0 Pa.
 35. Theaqueous vinyl ester copolymer dispersion of claim 34, wherein said yieldpoint is 0.3 to 0.6 Pa.
 36. A process for preparing the aqueous vinylester copolymer dispersion of claim 22 by emulsion polymerization of atleast one vinyl ester of an aliphatic carboxylic acid comprising a)initially introducing 2% to 10% by weight, based on the total weight ofall the monomers used to prepare said aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersion, of at least one polyvinyl alcohol having a viscosity of the4% strength aqueous solution, measured by the method of Höppler at 20°C., of at least 18 mPa*s and/or of at least one other protective colloidwhich is not a polyvinyl alcohol, having a viscosity of the 2% strengthaqueous solution, measured by the method of Höppler at 20° C., of atleast 1000 mPa*s; b) adding 0.05% to 5% by weight, based on the totalweight of all the monomers used to prepare said aqueous vinyl estercopolymer dispersion, at least one nonionic emulsifier and/or ionicemulsifier to the said at least one polyvinyl alcohol and/or said atleast one other protective colloid which is not a polyvinyl alcohol ofa) to form a mixture; c) adding 0% to 60% by weight, based on the totalweight of all the monomers used to prepare said aqueous vinyl estercopolymer dispersion, of monomer or monomers to the mixture of b) toform a mixture; d) adding at least one vinyl ester of a carboxylic acidand at least one initiator of free-radical emulsion polymerization tothe mixture of c); and e) forming an aqueous vinyl ester copolymerdispersion having a glass transition temperature of between −30 and 15°C.
 37. The process of claim 36, wherein a mixture of polyvinyl alcoholshaving different molecular weights is used in a).
 38. The process ofclaim 37, wherein one polyvinyl alcohol of said mixture of polyvinylalcohols has a degree of hydrolysis of 70 to 100 mol % and its 4%strength aqueous solution has a viscosity at 20° C. of 18 to 60 mPa*sand wherein a second polyvinyl alcohol has a degree of hydrolysis of 70to 100 mol % and its 4% strength aqueous solution has a viscosity at 20°C. of 2 to 18 mPa*s.
 39. An adhesive for nozzle application to asubstrate, wherein said adhesive comprises the aqueous vinyl estercopolymer dispersion of claim
 22. 40. The adhesive of claim 39, whereinthe substrates are hydrophobic substrates.
 41. The adhesive of claim 39,wherein said nozzle application is dotwise or linear.
 42. The adhesiveof claim 39, wherein said substrate is bonding paper used in theproduction-line fabrication of folding boxes, envelopes, brochures, orcigarettes.